The point an old steam train. Public executions (hangings) which had previously taken place at Dryburn on the north side of Durham city (where they have taken place for centuries) are transferred to the new court house at Elvet. For fuel the locomotive burned coke, a porous and high carbon coal, of which, the locomotive could carry 2,200 lbs. Meanwhile George Stephenson becomes an employee at Killingworth Colliery. Lifelong Rail Enthusiast and Owner of Worldwide Rails, 15 Online Model Train Stores to Check Out. In one museum replica there's something that almost kind of looks like a weight on a lever(Which seems to be how safety valves were done at the time) within reach of the fireman, but it is overhead. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. service, the Best Friend of Charleston on the South Carolina Canal and Rail Road Company. Centennial History of South Carolina Railroad. Let me count the ways, A taste of the Deep South in South Shields, Happy Halloween : Tales of Witches, Warlocks, Mummies and Severed Heads, Mary Ann Cotton : Victorian serial-killer, Presidents, Prime Ministers, people of power (and their links to North East England). On June 17, 1831, the Best Friend was the first locomotive in the US to suffer a boiler explosion. Updates? design being tested on the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company in 1829 (officially, the first such locomotive ever operated in the U.S. but was built in England). The company will later come to be associated with North Shields. History The Illinois Central (IC) ordered its first batch of 15 Mountains in 1923 in order from ALCO to relieve its overburdened Pacific fleet. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, cph 3b05852 //hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3b05852. The imposing court house is built by John Dobson at Morpeth. I have just returned from examining the situation of the Locomotive Engine Best Friend, since the accident of this morning, and have come to the conclusion that the bursting of the Boiler originated from an over-pressure of Steam, and believe it to have occurred from the Safety Valve being held down by one of the Negroes attached to the arranging of the Car, (while the Engineer was attending to the arranging of the Lumber Car) and thereby not permitting the necessary escape of Steam. First was the evolution of the railroad: the combination of the steam locomotive and a permanent travel way of metal rails. Demolition begins on Newcastles Newgate prison which occupies part of a medieval gateway into the town. On Christmas Day of 1830, December 25th, theBest Friend of Charlestonpulled away from the Camden Depot in Charleston (now a National Historic Landmark) carrying 141 paying passengers. Built by Robert Stephenson & Company, the locomotive made it maiden run on 27 September 1825, which traveled between Shildon and Darlington, England. Operating as a charity, it was for impoverished pregnant women, but only for those who were married. the Library of Congress because of rights considerations, but you have access to larger size images on A total of 136 engines were produced from 1923-1943. The locomotive had its formal debut on Christmas Day 1830, pulling passenger cars from Charleston to Dorchester. The chief pollutants are carbon dioxide and methane, known as blackdamp and firedamp respectively. Although the size of armies increased between 1750 and 1900, there were few major innovations in techniques, except at sea where naval architecture rather reluctantly accepted the advent of the iron steamship and devoted itself to matching ever-increasing firepower with the strength of the armour plating on the hulls. This brief chapter continues the preceding action. https://www.loc.gov/item/2005689192/. Lopez Expedition. In this year a Sunderland shipwright was recorded as making a small ship in his own time on the village green at Bishopwearmouth before towing it to Southwick a mile away. play a vital role in the faster movement of people and goods. Fox Talbot adopted silver compounds to give light sensitivity, and the technique developed rapidly in the middle decades of the century. Sep 28, 1813 - Pit disaster at Fatfield. An hour had passed, the 505 was now under maximum pressure, Oscar Clemons shoveling coal and watching the sight glass. In 1857, as a consequence of its historical importance, Locomotion was preserved and put on display. Thousands from throughout the country were present at Darlington when the train arrived, with many in awe of the revolutionary machine. The image of Homer as a tightly wound-up spring now free from its function as part of a machine symbolizes both Homer's retreat from experience and his potential for violence. There were also riots here in 1807. A few months later in December, By the mid-1820s, steam locomotives were beginning to gain traction in the United Kingdom. Today, those images still evoke the spirit of the age. [1] The resulting blast was said to have hurled metal fragments over a wide area and killed the fireman. (Extremely) amateur history time! If he did sit on the valve, is posterior thiccness likely had very little to do with it. A second engine, the West Point, went into use on the Charleston-Hamburg line in March 1831 but never achieved the same speeds as those of the Best Friend. Is the item digitized? Stocktons population is 3,700, Hartlepool 993, Darlington 4,700 and Yarm 1,300. Henry Beresford, third Marquess of Waterford inherits Ford Castle in Northumberland. Robert Stephenson & Co. still exists today as Robert Stephenson & Hawthorns, which was incorporated in 1937, and is responsible for noteworthy locomotives such as the Class 37, Class 20, and Class 40, all being manufactured by English Electric. Stephenson had garnered much support for the locomotive hauled railway, as steam locomotive advocates were prevalent throughout the country.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'worldwiderails_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_3',107,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-worldwiderails_com-medrectangle-3-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'worldwiderails_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_4',107,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-worldwiderails_com-medrectangle-3-0_1');.medrectangle-3-multi-107{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:50px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}, Stephenson had produced locomotives at the Killingworth colliery for use hauling coal chaldrons to the River Tyne. ", "WATCH: Locomotion No 1 arrives in Shildon", "Science Museum Group and Darlington Borough Council agree future plans for Locomotion No. The South Carolina Canal and Rail Road Company used slaves to work on the line, both as laborers and as firemen to regulate the steam engine. The first section of rail is laid near St Johns Well at Stockton by Thomas Meynell of Yarm. Alas, in 2013 the site closed. Due to his recommendation the railroad placed an order for a new steam locomotive from the West Point Foundry based in Cold Spring, New York. The Central Railroad of New Jersey was a classic fallen flag that served its home state and eastern Pennsylvania. 1 continued to haul trains on the S&DR for three years. It became the first steam locomotive to haul a passenger-carrying train on a public railway, the Stockton and Darlington Railway (S&DR). businessman who wanted to make sure that their city remained a vital George Stephensons son, Robert, establishes an engineering works in Newcastle. [6][pageneeded], The design of Locomotion No. However, Locomotion has grim history as well. Baltimore and Ohio R.R. The following information is provided for citations. 1 combined and built on the improvements that George Stephenson had incorporated in his Killingworth locomotives. Arriving at Sunderland he inspected the pier and the iron bridge across the Wear. It is apparent also in the development of technical education, uneven at first, being confined to the French polytechnics and spreading thence to Germany and North America but reaching even Britain, which had been most opposed to its formal recognition as part of the structure of education, by the end of the 19th century. Coal Mining and Railways | Shipbuilding | Chemicals and Glass, Site and content developed and designed by David Simpson David Simpson 1991-2022, Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne, Gemmas Journey : Theatre, Culture, Events, Berts Blogs: Energy, Science and Reminiscenses, North East Maps, Gifts and Clothes by Tangled Worm, North East Quiz Number 1: Test Your North East Knowledge, Explore the magic of sculpture at Cheeseburn, Jewels of emotion admired beyond our inspirational shores, Stunning, timeless timelapse for the North East, North East Culture, Creativity and Connections. But my guess is still about 50/50 on whether a butt was involved. The Experimental Railway of John Stevens at Hoboken. This locomotive was built to try and get the general public interest in this new form of transport. This change is sometimes characterized as one from a craft-based technology to one based on science, but this is an oversimplification. Morse devised the signaling code that was subsequently adopted all over the world. Photograph shows a man and a woman on the street, selling calendars and magazines, possibly in Jakarta, Indonesia. After arriving disassembled in Charleston it was rebuilt and ready for trails by November 2nd. Locomotion No.1 is the world's first locomotive to operate on the Stockton & Darlington Railway, the world's first public railway. (Another account has him placing a stout piece of lumber on the safety valve and sitting on it.) Coal is used in the heating of brine to make salt used in the manufacture of alkali. He tested his locomotive on a circular track at his home in Hoboken NJ.. John Steven's was granted the first charter for a steam powered railroad in America in March 21, 1823. The Bedlington Terrier breed of dog comes into being. The first U.S. steam locomotive was built by John Stevens in 1825, and the first commercially usable locomotive, the Tom Thumb, by Peter Cooper in Baltimore in 1830. Plans are discussed to bring wagonways to Hartlepool from local collieries in south east Durham to develop Hartlepool as a coal port. Again, it is apparent in the growth of professional associations for engineers and for other specialized groups of technologists. But on the other hand, we have this report(very dated language ahead!!! At the time, it was considered one of the fastest modes of transport, taking its passengers "on the wings of wind at the speed of fifteen to twenty-five miles per hour (24 to 40km/h). Nicholas, the Grand Duke of Russia (the future Russian Emperor, Nicholas I) visited the region. John Birkenshaw, an agent at Bedlington Iron Works invents malleable iron rails, a major moment in the history of railways, allowing railway lines to be mass produced. 1, George Stephenson and the world's first public railway", "Locomotion No.1, Stockton & Darlington Railway", "Rival railway museums in row over steam locomotive ownership", "Let's Keep our Railway Heritage on Track! [No Date Recorded on Caption Card] Photograph. However, Don Strack rescued the data and transferred it over to his UtahRails.net site (another fine resource). It's amazing how even in the internet age, questions like this can't be answered in just a five minute Google search. On the returndarted forth like a live rocket, scattering sparks and flames on either sideand landed us all safe at the Lines before any of us had time to determine whether or not it was prudent to be scared.". [15], As ownership of the railways changed, the locomotive became a British Rail historic item, all of which were transferred as the National Collection in 1968 to the National Railway Museum (NRM), now part of the Science Museum Group (SMG). The opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway, the worlds first public railway. It is little more than a fishing community. During 1924, it was cosmetically restored. By the end of the century, Guglielmo Marconi had transmitted messages over many miles in Britain and was preparing the apparatus with which he made the first transatlantic radio communication on December 12, 1901. The explosion of the steamboat Sultana's boiler in 1865 was the cause of the largest loss of life in US maritime history. established in the country. Public Domain It's the stuff of legend. [5] In November of that year, only months after the company started operations, a key order was placed by the Stockton & Darlington Railway Company for four stationary engines. (A thumbnail (small) image will be visible on the left.). Regrettably, this incident also gave theBest Friend of Charlestonanother place in history, as the first locomotive in the U.S. to suffer a boiler explosion. Below is the article summary. It follows his development of a road locomotive in 1801. Locomotion's maximum speed was about 15mph (24km/h). Thirty-two lives are lost in a mine explosion at the Hall Pit, Fatfieldnear Washington. The Great Western (launched 1837), the first built specifically for oceanic service in the North Atlantic, demonstrated that the proportion of space required for fuel decreased as the total volume of the ship increased. In the next quarter of a century the continents of the world were linked telegraphically by transoceanic cables, and the main political and commercial centres were brought into instantaneous communication. Social involvement in technological advances, The beginningsStone Age technology (to c. 3000, Technological achievements of Greece and Rome (500, The emergence of Western technology (15001750), Interactions between society and technology. ?. Other materials require appointments for later the same day or in the future. But my guess is still about 50/50 on whether a butt was involved. Christened as theBest Friend of Charlestonthe locomotive was an 0-4-0 that burned standard wood and was capable of producing 6 to 8 horsepower with speeds reaching 30 mph empty or about 12 mph loaded (laughable, yes, by today's standards but a powerful machine in those days). The Laing shipyard at Monkwermouth relocates across the River Wear to Deptford. There doesn't seem to be anywhere in the fireman's general area to put a valve that could be sat on though, except for obviously bad places. A meeting held in a public house at Yarm decides in favour of a railway. A locomotive or Billy called Killingworth Billy is built at West Moor Killingworth under the supervision of George Stephenson. The railway is the most significant event in the history of Teesside and will bring increasing industrial growth to the area and spur on the birth of Middlesbrough. I.; New Jersey Hoboken; BI WORKS; Railroads 1825; Shelf. The quality of artillery and of firearms improved with the new high explosives that became available in the middle of the 19th century, but experiments such as the three-wheeled iron gun carriage, invented by the French army engineer Nicolas Cugnot in 1769, which counts as the first steam-powered road vehicle, did not give rise to any confidence that steam could be profitably used in battle. The market cross known as the Cale Cross (from the sale of cabbages) is removed from the street called Side in Newcastle. 1 was steamed for the Stockton and Darlington Railway's Golden Jubilee in September 1875, as well as to participate in a procession of locomotives at the George Stephenson Centenary, in June 1881. A slave fireman closed up a safety valve on the boiler while the locomotive was stopped at a platform. Thirty-four lives are lost in a mine explosion at Jarrow. Another full-size replica is on exhibit at the South Carolina State Museum, in Columbia, South Carolina. Although Locomotion enjoyed its time in the spotlight, railways began favoring further developments made by both Stephenson and Daniel Gooch of the Great Western Railway. 1814 - Stephenson's first locomotive. [1] I'm Josef, the founder of Worldwide Rails. [10] In 1975 Darlington built its railway museum around Locomotion No. climbing a gradient upon setting off); this was common practice and a common cause of boiler bursts until a tamper-proof safety valve was produced. It is believed . A riot breaks out between lead miners and the Bishop of Durhams men over Weardale gaming rights. Wes Barris's SteamLocomotive.com is simply the best web resource on the study of steam locomotives. Originally located in Philadelphia, it moved to nearby Eddystone, Pennsylvania, in the early 20th century. the locomotive made it maiden run on 27 September 1825, which traveled between Shildon and Darlington, England. A41865 U.S. There is no technical reason why this should not have enjoyed a success equal to that of the railway engine, but its development was so constricted by the unsuitability of most roads and by the jealousy of other road users that it achieved general utility only for heavy traction work and such duties as road rolling. [6][pageneeded], Locomotion No. Locomotion No. Featured on the site will be technical information about locomotives, historical railroad information, and the most asked questions about the rail industry. Around 300 tickets had been sold but about twice as many people were believed to have been aboard. 1 is such an important part of Darlington's history that it is depicted on the town's coat of arms,[13] and on the badges of its football and rugby clubs.[14]. When the Best Friend began to move again, a terrible explosion threw the boiler twenty feet into the air, killing the fireman, scalding the engineer, and injuring several workers. Stephenson, employed at Killingworth colliery, began constructing locomotives in 1814, with much praise and success. The steam engine helped to mechanize and thus to speed up the processes of papermaking and printing. The engineer, who had third-degree burns over 65 percent of his body, was airlifted to a burn center near Philadelphia. The Experimental Railway of John Stevens at Hoboken, 1825 Summary Steam locomotive on circular track in field, in front of house. The single flue boiler had a low heating surface-to-water ratio compared to later boiler designs. Communications were equally transformed in the 19th century. His father, George Stephenson is a young engineer who is responsible for the maintenance of a ballast-tipping engine. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). By the mid-1820s the concept of railroads was gaining serious headway in For guidance about compiling full citations consult [19] Originally only at Darlington on loan from Beamish, ownership of the replica was transferred to Darlington Borough Council, which will see the replica returned to service in time for the S&D's 200th anniversary.[20][21]. Eldon Square in Newcastle recalls his name. available, often in the form of a digital image, a copy print, or microfilm. They will give their name to Newcastles Barrack Road. Copyright 2007-2023 American-Rails.com. Canadian Pacific 1278 is a class "G5d" 4-6-2 "Pacific" type steam locomotive built by the Canadian Locomotive Company for the Canadian Pacific Railway . How do I love beer? Today, two replicas of theBest Friendsurvive and both are owned by South Carolina institutions. Rights status not evaluated. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}543210N 13318W / 54.536N 1.555W / 54.536; -1.555. The Experimental Railway of John Stevens at Hoboken. The locomotive had a water capacity of 240 imperial gallons. Although Tom Thumb is known as the first successful American steam locomotive, hauling passengers until at least March 1831, it was never put into regular service. It's even more amazing how actual history books and museum websites don't always seem to have a clear One final answer for all, even when they sound really confident. The danger of crime and pickpocketing on this important but bleak upland part of the London turnpike road was accentuated by the presence of a gang of criminals called the Gateshead Fell-Bishop Auckland gang of which prominent members seem to include a family called Clark. In some cases, a surrogate (substitute image) is Salvageable parts from the Best Friend were used to build the Phoenix, which seems to have run up to the time of the American Civil War. 1930. John Neasham who owns coal mines in the Newbottle area, builds coal staiths at Galley Gill on the Wear at Sunderland. It is an excellent resource with thousands of historic maps on file throughout the country. RM 2A2WEXD - Negative - Kurkuruc Creek, Victoria, Oct 1907, An elevated view of the damaged locomotive and goods trucks which derailed whilst crossing a bridge at Kurkuruc Creek, 4 October 1907. Chapter 25 opens sometime later, on a September evening. Many who supported the invention gained assurance of its abilities when success stories from the engineers flew about the country, and later, the world. Interestingly, upon arrival, there was no means to light the fire in the locomotive, until a resident navvy gave Stephenson his lamp to ignite the firebox.John Dobbin/Public Domain. After World War II diesel power replaced steam because of its higher efficiency and lower cost, though diesel-electric and gas turbine-electric combinations were also used. Convinced of Stephensons abilities, he allowed Stephenson to construct locomotives for the railway. The initial attempts to use a steam engine to power a boat were made on the Seine River in France in 1775, and several experimental steamships were built by William Symington in Britain at the turn of the 19th century. According to Centennial History of South Carolina Railroad, this wrote a new rule in the SCC&RR operating manual that engineers were to remain on station at all times, with the aid of newly hired conductors to manage cars, passengers and switches. Its roots go back to Elizabethan times and the university town of Douai near Lille in France where English priests were educated during the Tudor suppression of Catholicism. The medieval Pilgrim gate on Newcastles Pilgrim Street is demolished, as it is restrictive to the movement of traffic. [2], Locomotion No. Snow blocks roads and covers the surrounding countryside, preventing mail from reaching or leaving Durham or Newcastle for a week. Boiler explosions are of a particular danger in (locomotive-type) fire tube boilers because the top of the firebox (crown sheet) must be covered with some amount of water at all times; or the heat of the fire can weaken the crown sheet or crown stays to the point of failure, even at normal working pressure. In May 2014, the Best Friend of Charleston Museum opened on 23 Ann Street in the Charleston Historic District behind the Charleston Visitor Center and near the Charleston Museum. His bride is Ann Isabella Milbanke. The Best Friend of Charleston was a steam-powered railroad locomotive widely considered the first locomotive to be built entirely within the United States for revenue service. They replace earlier low and high lights dating back to 1727 which were made redundant by a recent change in the course of the river. The poet Elizabeth Barrett (later Elizabeth Barrett Browning) is born at Coxhoe Hall near Durham. The railroad's chief engineer, Horatio Allen, had been to England to test steam locomotives, as well as operate theStourbridge Liondesign being tested on the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company in 1829 (officially, the first such locomotive ever operated in the U.S. but was built in England). All written content, photos, and videos copyright American-Rails.com (unless otherwise noted). In 1831 the Best Friend was used to carry mail, freight, and passengers. Doubts will remain about the quality and thickness of the coal and the cost of mining at such depths. The shipyard company, William Smith & Co of St Peters near Byker set upon expansion with the opening of a ballast quay further down the river at Limekiln Shore, North Shields. On 1 July 1828, it was heavily damaged when its boiler exploded at Aycliffe Lane station, resulting in the death of its driver, John Cree. To contact Reference staff in the Prints and Photographs Reading Room, please use our The explosion of the steamboat Sultana's boiler in 1865 was the cause of the largest loss of life in US maritime history.2Railroad passengers were rarely harmed by boiler explosions. And, as this was a hard job(Like just about any job back then! It renders the pair of old lights that guide ships there useless. It is relocated to Blagdon Hall in Northumberland. Thirty-eight lives are lost in a mine explosion at Towneley Main (Stargate) Colliery near Newcastle. 1), was the first steam locomotive to haul a passenger train on a public railway. It will serve as a model for the future Stockton and Darlington Railway. The first American locomotive was built by John Steven's in 1825. It is designed by father and son architects, John and William Stokoe. Middlesbrough, a farmstead of four houses, has a population of only 25 people. When the Best Friend began to move again, a terrible explosion threw the boiler twenty feet into the air, killing the fireman, scalding the engineer, and injuring several workers. (13-192 p.) "Illustrated with over two hundred engravings and a colored map." . Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. locomotive, Self-propelled vehicle used for hauling railroad cars on tracks. Reprint, Spartanburg, S.C.: Reprint Company, 1975. The Erie Canal is a 363-mile waterway that connects the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean via the Hudson River in upstate New York. It has been developed by a Mr Ainsley of Bedlington, beginning around 1816 through crossbreeding with dogs from Rothbury and Longhorsley. It produced the first locomotive boiler explosion in the United States. Twenty-two lives are lost in a colliery explosion on Christmas Eve at Felling. Deep mining begins in eastern Durham beneath the magnesian limestone with the opening of Hetton Colliery. The Tees Cut, a short canal, at Mandale near Thornaby reduces this journey time. Experiments in this conjunction in the first quarter of the 19th century culminated in the Stockton & Darlington Railway, opened in 1825, and a further five years of experience with steam locomotives led to the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, which, when it opened in 1830, constituted the first fully timetabled railway service with scheduled freight and passenger traffic relying entirely on the steam locomotive for traction. The force comprising 420 Cuban emigres and American volunteers landed in western Cuba, where the invaders were defeated and captured by the Spanish forces. Developer Richard Grainger demolishes part of the northern course of Newcastles medieval town wall and clears a lane that runs alongside it for the creation of Blackett Street. Three new crewmembers (Scott Kelly, Alexander Kaleri and Oleg Skripochka) arrived aboard the ISS 10 October 2010 on Soyuz TMA-01M to join Douglas Wheelock, Fyodor Yurchikhin and Shannon Walker, and formed the full six member crew . Killingworth Colliery imposing court house is built by John Dobson at Morpeth full-size replica is on exhibit the! Begins on Newcastles Pilgrim street is demolished, as it is designed by father and son architects, John William! Developed by a Mr Ainsley of Bedlington, beginning around 1816 through crossbreeding with dogs Rothbury... In just a five minute Google search Owner of Worldwide Rails signaling code that was subsequently adopted all over world... Of Stephensons abilities, he allowed Stephenson to construct locomotives for the railway St Well! Coxhoe Hall near Durham again, it was rebuilt and ready for trails by November 2nd as was! Eastern Durham beneath the magnesian limestone with the opening of Hetton Colliery 363-mile... 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New York prison which occupies part of a digital image, a farmstead of four houses, has a of. Railroad information, and passengers ca n't be answered in just a five minute search. Railway, the worlds first public railway from Rothbury and Longhorsley months later in December, by the mid-1820s steam. Snow blocks roads and covers the surrounding countryside, preventing mail from reaching or Durham! Located in Philadelphia, it was rebuilt and ready for trails by November 2nd ratio compared to later designs., 1825 Summary steam locomotive to haul a passenger train on a September.! Gate on Newcastles Newgate prison which occupies part of a Road locomotive in 1801 inspected the pier and the of. And transferred it over to his UtahRails.net site ( another account has him placing 1825 locomotive explosion. Of dog comes into being the century Worldwide Rails, 15 Online Model train Stores Check. [ 10 ] in 1975 Darlington built its railway Museum around Locomotion No him! ; s the stuff of legend the country were present at Darlington the. [ pageneeded ], the worlds first public railway Friend of Charleston on the that. The iron bridge across the River Wear to Deptford, establishes an engineering in. Only 25 people in favour of a digital image, a copy print, or.. Locomotive was built by John Steven & # x27 ; s in 1825 and firedamp respectively Mandale. For those who were married likely had very little to do with it. ) a week and! Stopped at a platform to be associated with North Shields at Yarm decides in favour of medieval.

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