[781] Stalin denied to foreign visitors that he was a dictator, stating that those who labelled him such did not understand the Soviet governance structure. [865], The historian Robert Conquest stated that Stalin perhaps "determined the course of the twentieth century" more than any other individual. Articles and topics related to Joseph Stalin, 18991904: Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party, 19051912: Revolution of 1905 and its aftermath, 19121917: Rise to the Central Committee and editorship of, 19271931: Dekulakisation, collectivisation, and industrialisation, 19451947: Post-war reconstruction and famine, In the Soviet Union and post-Soviet states, Despite abolishing the office of General Secretary in 1952, Stalin continued to exercise its powers as the, After Stalin's death, Georgy Malenkov succeeded him as both. Joseph Stalin Russia- how came to power. [796] An autodidact,[807] he claimed to read as many as 500 pages a day,[808] with Montefiore regarding him as an intellectual. [612], In October 1949, Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong took power in China. [525], In November 1943, Stalin met with Churchill and Roosevelt in Tehran, a location of Stalin's choosing. [587] Tensions among these former Allies grew,[557] resulting in the Cold War. Advertisement. Using the idea of collective responsibility as a basis, Stalin's government abolished their autonomous republics and between late 1943 and 1944 deported the majority of their populations to Central Asia and Siberia. What title did Stalin receive in 1922? [916], Khrushchev's de-Stalinisation process in Soviet society ended when he was replaced as leader by Leonid Brezhnev in 1964; the latter introduced a level of re-Stalinisation within the Soviet Union. [185] Although not so publicly well known as Lenin or Trotsky,[186] Stalin's importance among the Bolsheviks grew. [361] He also expressed patronage for scientists whose research fitted within his preconceived interpretation of Marxism; for instance, he endorsed research of an agrobiologist Trofim Lysenko despite the fact that it was rejected by the majority of Lysenko's scientific peers as pseudo-scientific. [674], Stalin claimed to have embraced Marxism at the age of fifteen,[678] and it served as the guiding philosophy throughout his adult life;[679] according to Kotkin, Stalin held "zealous Marxist convictions",[680] while Montefiore suggested that Marxism held a "quasi-religious" value for Stalin. [172] In the early hours of 25 October, Stalin joined Lenin in a Central Committee meeting in the Smolny Institute, from where the Bolshevik coup the October Revolution was directed. [837] According to Boris Bazhanov, Stalin's one-time secretary, "Women didn't interest him. [171], On 24 October, police raided the Bolshevik newspaper offices, smashing machinery and presses; Stalin salvaged some of this equipment to continue his activities. [232] In Moscow, Lenin and Trotsky blamed him for his behaviour in the PolishSoviet war. Before September, 1922, Lenin's attitude toward Iosif Vissariono-vich Stalin had been favorable indeed; without Lenin's personal backing, Stalin would probably have remained lost in the back-water of Transcaucasia. He was one of the most famous leaders of the Soviet Union and an important figure in the Communist Party. [111] In March 1910, he was arrested again and sent back to Solvychegodsk. [304] His growing influence was reflected in naming of various locations after him; in June 1924 the Ukrainian mining town of Yuzovka became Stalino,[305] and in April 1925, Tsaritsyn was renamed Stalingrad on the order of Mikhail Kalinin and Avel Enukidze. Joseph Stalin (pictured by himself in image #3 below) was one of the most infamous totalitarian dictators of the 20th century. [358] He oversaw proliferation of schools, newspapers, and libraries, as well as advancement of literacy and numeracy. [235] Trotsky claimed that Stalin sabotaged the campaign by disobeying troop transfer orders. [95] After returning to Tiflis, Stalin organised the robbing of a large delivery of money to the Imperial Bank in June 1907. [511] In February 1943, the German troops attacking Stalingrad surrendered. 1932 (December) Stalin announced that his first Five Year Plan, introduced in 1928, had been such a success that he was ending it a year early. "[886] McDermott stated that Stalin had "concentrated unprecedented political authority in his hands. [86] Although Stalin held Lenin in deep respect, he was vocal in his disagreement with Lenin's view that the Bolsheviks should field candidates for the forthcoming election to the State Duma; Stalin saw the parliamentary process as a waste of time. [561] In 1947, it brought out a second edition of his official biography, which eulogised him to a greater extent than its predecessor. [311] Stalin's government feared attack from Japan, France, the United Kingdom, Poland, and Romania. I stand on the ground of the latter". Stalin presided over the Soviet post-war reconstruction and its development of an atomic bomb in 1949. The Soviet Union, or U.S.S.R., was made up of 15 countries in Eastern Europe and Asia and lasted from 1922 until its fall in 1991. [639] In September 1952, several Kremlin doctors were arrested for allegedly plotting to kill senior politicians in what came to be known as the Doctors' Plot; the majority of the accused were Jewish. [33] The seminary's journal noted that he declared himself an atheist, stalked out of prayers and refused to doff his hat to monks. For this reason, he retained the Leninist view that world revolution was still a necessity to ensure the ultimate victory of socialism. A 1940 poster by Nikolai Zhukov (Fig. Stalin died a few months before the armistice was signed on July 27, 1953. [410] With the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in July 1937, the Soviet Union and China signed a non-aggression pact the following August. The Allies demanded that Stalin withdraw the Red Army from northern Iran. [572] Academia and the arts were also allowed greater freedom than they had prior to 1941. [383] The worst affected areas were Ukraine and the North Caucasus, although the famine also affected Kazakhstan and several Russian provinces. You know what that name is STALIN!'. Some of the photos may be from earlier dates, but it is believed that this photo of Stalin was taken in 1893. [209] In Tsaritsyn, Stalin commanded the local Cheka branch to execute suspected counter-revolutionaries, sometimes without trial[210] and in contravention of government orders purged the military and food collection agencies of middle-class specialists, some of whom he also executed. [597][598] He sent Molotov as his representative to San Francisco to take part in negotiations to form the United Nations, insisting that the Soviets have a place on the Security Council. Stalin is often compared to Adolf Hitler, who killed some 6 million Jews in the Holocaust.In the Ottoman Empire in the early part of the 1900s, leaders carried out the near-genocide of millions of Armenians. By mid-1928 he was unable to rally sufficient support in the party to oppose the reforms. [893] During Stalin's lifetime, his approved biographies were largely hagiographic in content. [231], In mid-August 1920, the Poles repulsed the Russian advance, and Stalin returned to Moscow to attend the Politburo meeting. [559] At a banquet held for army commanders, he described the Russian people as "the outstanding nation" and "leading force" within the Soviet Union, the first time that he had unequivocally endorsed the Russians over other Soviet nationalities. [755] His choice of favoured holiday house changed over the years,[756] although he holidayed in southern parts of the USSR every year from 1925 to 1936 and again from 1945 to 1951. But general secretary is the actually important position. [864] The other, Alexander, was the son of Lidia Pereprygina; he was raised as the son of a peasant fisherman and the Soviet authorities made him swear never to reveal that Stalin was his biological father. [896] Under Mikhail Gorbachev's Soviet administration various previously classified files on Stalin's life were made available to historians,[896] at which point Stalin became "one of the most urgent and vital issues on the public agenda" in the Soviet Union. [163] This reflected his senior standing in the party at the time.[164]. [681] Although he never became a Georgian nationalist,[682] during his early life elements from Georgian nationalist thought blended with Marxism in his outlook. [285] Although Zinoviev was concerned about Stalin's growing authority, he rallied behind him at the 13th Congress as a counterweight to Trotsky, who now led a party faction known as the Left Opposition. [493] Stalin issued Order No. The Russian Empire became a de facto republic, headed by a Provisional Government dominated by liberals. [819], Stalin publicly condemned anti-Semitism,[820] although he was repeatedly accused of it. After the end of . [376], Within the Soviet Union, there was widespread civic disgruntlement against Stalin's government. [924] He remains a revered figure among many Russian nationalists, who feel nostalgic about the Soviet victory over Nazi Germany in World War II,[925] and he is regularly invoked approvingly within both Russia's far-left and far-right. [256] Lenin twice asked Stalin to procure poison so that he could commit suicide, but Stalin never did so. In 1929, his son Yakov unsuccessfully attempted suicide; his failure earned Stalin's contempt. [601] He also erroneously claimed that the initial German advance in the early part of the war, during Operation Barbarossa, was not a result of Soviet military weakness, but rather a deliberate Soviet strategic retreat. Stalin took on the title of premier from 1941 onwards actually. Initially governing the country as part of a collective leadership, he consolidated power to become a dictator by 1928. [870] In under three decades, Stalin transformed the Soviet Union into a major industrial world power,[871] one which could "claim impressive achievements" in terms of urbanisation, military strength, education and Soviet pride. [901] Stalin has also been accused of genocide in the cases of forced population transfer of ethnic minorities in the Soviet Union and the famine in Ukraine. [15] In 1886, they moved into the house of a family friend, Father Christopher Charkviani. [456] Germany began negotiations with the Soviets, proposing that Eastern Europe be divided between the two powers. [289] He was supported in this by Bukharin, who, like Stalin, believed that the Left Opposition's proposals would plunge the Soviet Union into instability. [868] According to historian Kevin McDermott, interpretations of Stalin range from "the sycophantic and adulatory to the vitriolic and condemnatory. Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin [g] (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; [d] 18 December [ O.S. [714], Stalin viewed nations as contingent entities which were formed by capitalism and could merge into others. [500] He also permitted a wider range of cultural expression, notably permitting formerly suppressed writers and artists like Anna Akhmatova and Dmitri Shostakovich to disperse their work more widely. III. [201] The treaty gave vast areas of land and resources to the Central Powers and angered many in Russia; the Left Socialist Revolutionaries withdrew from the coalition government over the issue. [41] At night, he attended secret workers' meetings[42] and was introduced to Silibistro "Silva" Jibladze, the Marxist founder of Mesame Dasi ("Third Group"), a Georgian socialist group. 270, Stalin commanded soldiers risking capture to fight to the death describing the captured as traitors;[492] among those taken as a prisoner of war by the Germans was Stalin's son Yakov, who died in their custody. [74] Georgia was particularly affected. [320] Large numbers died during the journey. [195] The decree's purpose was primarily strategic; the Bolsheviks wanted to gain favour among ethnic minorities but hoped that the latter would not actually desire independence. The Communist International: Organ of the E.C.C.I. [528] Stalin was impatient for the UK and U.S. to open up a Western Front to take the pressure off of the East; they eventually did so in mid-1944. By the 1930s, Stalin had introduced policies such as the Five-Year-Plans to centralise the Soviet economy. [494] Amid the fighting, both the German and Soviet armies disregarded the law of war set forth in the Geneva Conventions;[495] the Soviets heavily publicised Nazi massacres of communists, Jews, and Romani. [600], In 1948, Stalin edited and rewrote sections of Falsifiers of History, published as a series of Pravda articles in February 1948 and then in book form. 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